THE EARLY DETECTION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES BY USING THE CERTAINTY FACTOR METHOD

Respiration or commonly referred to as breathing is the process of inhaling free air containing O2 (oxygen) and expelling air containing CO2 (carbon dioxide) as the rest of the oxidation out of the body. In detecting diseases of the respiratory system, it takes the role of a doctor as an expert in the field of health to detect it. To consult a doctor, one must come to the hospital and undergo a series of procedures, so that it takes time to queue and is not effective if the patient has to get treatment quickly. To overcome this problem, an expert system is needed that can be accessed easily, provides accurate, fast and accurate information on detection results and provides education on early treatment of disease detection results. The method used to detect respiratory system diseases is the certaity factor method. From the calculations that have been inputted by the patient, the results obtained are 93% confidence in Pneumonia. The application of an expert system with the Certaint Factor method in early detection of web-based respiratory system diseases based on the patient's symptom history provides convenience for patients and provides education about respiratory system diseases and how to treat them

Nonhuman Primate Models of Respiratory Disease: Past, Present, and Future.

The respiratory system consists of an integrated network of organs and structures that primarily function for gas exchange. In mammals, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transmitted through a complex respiratory tract, consisting of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and lung. Exposure to ambient air throughout the lifespan imposes vulnerability of the respiratory system to environmental challenges that can contribute toward development of disease. The importance of the respiratory system to human health is supported by statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; in 2015, chronic lower respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in the United States. In light of the significant mortality associated with respiratory conditions that afflict all ages of the human population, this review will focus on basic and preclinical research conducted in nonhuman primate models of respiratory disease. In comparison with other laboratory animals, the nonhuman primate lung most closely resembles the human lung in structure, physiology, and mucosal immune mechanisms. Studies defining the influence of inhaled microbes, pollutants, or allergens on the nonhuman primate lung have provided insight on disease pathogenesis, with the potential for elucidation of molecular targets leading to new treatment modalities. Vaccine trials in nonhuman primates have been crucial for confirmation of safety and protective efficacy against infectious diseases of the lung in a laboratory animal model that recapitulates pathology observed in humans. In looking to the future, nonhuman primate models of respiratory diseases will continue to be instrumental for translating biomedical research for improvement of human health

Review of Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses and their Neurological Impact on the Central Nervous System

Comprehensive reporting shows that some pathogens, including COVID-19, influenza A and SARS-CoV have sometimes caused pandemics and were linked to more serious diseases and death. A number of respiratory viruses can travel from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system, causing alterations and damage and resulting in long-term neurological diseases.

Diseases of the Respiratory System of Chickens

Summary of respiratory diseases that commonly infect chickens, with Coryza being most common in North Dakota. Reports on illnesses such as infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, Newcastle disease, and brooder pneumonia, as well as principles on controlling such respiratory diseases

Early Detection of Diseases And Abnormalities In The Respiratory System Using Certainty Factor Method

Health is a very important factor in the human body. If the health of ourselves is interrupted, it is also interrupted by someone to do the activity. There are several diseases that have a lot of sufferers. One of them is the disease of the respiratory system. Respiratory system is defined generally as a matter that disrupts the process of breathing in our body. Diseases of the respiratory system is one of the main problems of public health in Indonesia, because the disease is a human breathing. The expert system is a library of specialists or an expert in diseases of the respiratory system and the conditions used to take the conclusion of the symptoms. In the calculation process used the certanity factor method to find a percentage level of confidence. The Parameter used in the diagnosis is the symptom chosen by the sufferer. The conclusion of this application results in the diagnosis of the disease suffered and the percentage result of confidence through the selected symptoms.  Keywords: Respiratory disease, expert system, Certainty Factor &nbsp

Causes of mortality in older people with intellectual disabilities

We aim to provide insight into the cause-specific mortality of older adults with intellectual disability (ID), with and without Down syndrome (DS), and compare this to the general population. Immediate and primary cause of death were collected through medical files of 1,050 older adults with ID, 5 years after the start of the Healthy Ageing and Intellectual Disabilities (HA-ID) study. During the follow-up period, 207 (19.7%) participants died, of whom 54 (26.1%) had DS. Respiratory failure was the most common immediate cause of death (43.4%), followed by dehydration/malnutrition (20.8%), and cardiovascular diseases (9.4%). In adults with DS, the most common cause was respiratory disease (73.3%), infectious and bacterial diseases (4.4%), and diseases of the digestive system (4.4%). Diseases of the respiratory system also formed the largest group of primary causes of death (32.1%; 80.4% was due to pneumonia), followed by neoplasms (17.6%), and diseases of the circulatory system (8.2%). In adults with DS, the main primary cause was also respiratory diseases (51.1%), followed by dementia (22.2%)

Respiratory issues in patients with multiple sclerosis as a risk factor during SARS-CoV-2 infection: a potential role for exercise

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is associated with cytokine storm and is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia problems. The respiratory system is a place of inappropriate activation of the immune system in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), and this may cause damage to the lung and worsen both MS and infections.The concerns for patients with multiple sclerosis are because of an enhance risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The MS patients pose challenges in this pandemic situation, because of the regulatory defect of autoreactivity of the immune system and neurological and respiratory tract symptoms. In this review, we first indicate respiratory issues associated with both diseases. Then, the main mechanisms inducing lung damages and also impairing the respiratory muscles in individuals with both diseases is discussed. At the end, the leading role of physical exercise on mitigating respiratory issues inducing mechanisms is meticulously evaluated. Keywords: COVID-19; Exercise training; Immune system; Multiple sclerosis; Renin–angiotensin system; Respiratory system

Enhancing Respiratory Disease Diagnosis through FMCW Radar and Machine Learning Techniques

Respiratory diseases require early diagnosis and continuous monitoring, but existing methods involve risky physical contact. This study proposes a new system that uses FMCW radar and machine learning to monitor breathing without contact. FMCW radar can detect respiratory movements in real-time, while machine learning can classify respiratory waveforms. This study evaluates the system with cross-validation Shuffle Split, K-fold, and Stratified K-fold. The results show that Random Forest has the highest accuracy of 94.6% and Naïve Bayes has the shortest time of 0.055 seconds. Shuffle Split performs best overall. This study shows the feasibility and potential of the system for the detection, response, and tracking of respiratory diseases in emergencies.This study addresses the urgent need for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of respiratory diseases such as asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and infectious diseases. We have created a system that combines state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms with frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar technology. FMCW radar technology is sensitive to small respiratory movements, allowing real-time monitoring without physical contact. Machine learning algorithms, including Decision Trees, Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, Gradient Boosting, and Support Vector Machines, are employed to classify these waveforms. The Random Forest classifier achieved the highest accuracy score of 94.6%, with Naïve Bayes exhibiting the shortest processing time at 0.055 seconds. We explored various cross-validation methods such as Shuffle Split, K-fold, and Stratified K-fold, with the Shuffle Split method performing best overall in terms of accuracy and time. Our study introduces an integrated system that could revolutionize the early detection, response, and tracking of respiratory diseases and emergencies over time

Effects of global warming on respiratory diseases

Background: Global warming is a consequence of air pollution resulting in climate change due to trapping of excess greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere that affects biodiversity and constitutes a serious health hazard, especially to the respiratory system. These greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, ozone and nitrous oxide. They hold heat in the atmosphere thereby creating a greenhouse effect. The sources of these gases include human activities like industrial air pollution, burning of human waste, wood and forests, tobacco, fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal, deforestation and the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Climate change brought about by global warming results in storms, drought, and floods which can be of immediate threat to life, the respiratory system being particularly vulnerable because of the background air pollution. Effects of global warming on the respiratory system include potentially increased incidence (and/or worsening/exacerbations) of the following: bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases, infection (pneumonia and tuberculosis), parasitic lung diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, lung cancer and sudden death.Aim: To create awareness and increase enlightenment about the very important subject of global warming and the lung.Methods: A literature search on global warming and respiratory diseases was carried out through the internet (Google, Medline) and locally. Data synthesis was carried out and synchronized under the following headings: introduction, effects of global warming on respiratory diseases, respiratory diseases, and recommendations.Conclusion: There is urgent need for control measures to be taken to mitigate the effects of global warming on the respiratory system.Keywords: Global warming, respiratory disease

Immunological axis of berberine in managing inflammation underlying chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases

© 2020 Inflammatory responses play a remarkable role in the mechanisms of acute and chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. Currently, there is a resurgence in the use of drugs from natural sources for various ailments as potent therapeutics. Berberine, an alkaloid prominent in the Chinese traditional system of medicine has been reported to exert therapeutic properties in various diseases. Nevertheless, the number of studies focusing on the curative potential of berberine in inflammatory diseases involving the respiratory system is limited. In this review, we have attempted to discuss the reported anti-inflammatory properties of berberine that function through several pathways such as, the NF-κB, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways which affect several pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiological processes involved in chronic respiratory diseases. This review would serve to provide valuable information to researchers who work in this field and a new direction in the field of drug discovery with respect to respiratory diseases